Anna Boch (1848–1936) was born Anna-Rosalie Boch on 10 February 1848 in Saint-Vaast, in the Belgian province of Hainaut, into the wealthy family of the Boch ceramics and porcelain works, later part of Villeroy & Boch. She trained under the landscape painter Isidore Verheyden, who helped her lighten her palette, and she also played the piano and the organ.
In 1885 she joined Les XX, the Brussels group founded by her cousin, the critic Octave Maus, and remained its only female member. Under the influence of Théo van Rysselberghe and Seurat she turned to Neo-Impressionism and later painted in a freer, more luminous style. She was also one of the most important collectors of her time, with works by Gauguin, Signac, Ensor and Van Gogh.
Through her brother Eugène, a friend of Van Gogh, she came to know his work. In 1890, at the Les XX exhibition, she bought his painting The Red Vineyard for 400 francs, long believed to be the only picture he sold in his lifetime. She died in Brussels on 25 February 1936, and after her death her collection was sold; the Russian collector Sergei Shchukin acquired The Red Vineyard.